For
practical purposes shade may be classified into four
broad categories:
FULL
SHADE- The
almost total
shade prevailing
under coniferous
evergreens or
low-branched,
densely foliaged trees such as American beech, a
habitat tolerated by very few plants and thus not
listed as a formal shade category below. Pyrola
elliptica, the shin leaf, is thriving under
dense evergreens at the Arboretum, as is Baltic ivy,
Hederq helix
f. baltica,
Japanese
Spurge,
Pachysandra
terminalis,
lady fern,
Athyrium filix-fernina and Japanese
yew,
Taxus cuspidata.
The
latter is
better in
deep shade, however and is placed in that category
below as are the other plants listed here under full
shade with the exception of Pyrola
c/lip tica
which is not
formally listed. The total shade of tall buildings
in cities is even more duff
icult,
not so much on account of the lack of sunlight, but
rather because of such factors as pollution of the
air by poisonous gases, harmful air currents and
poor soil.
DEEP
sHADE- The
shade of
dense, deciduous woodlands where little sunlight
penetrates after the expansion of the overhead
foliage canopy in spring. Although spring effects
are easily achieved in such situations, at other
seasons dependence must be placed on such old
stand-bys as wild ginger, Asarum canadense,
running strawberry bush, Euonymus obovatus,
wild columbine, Aquilegia canadensis and
periwinkle, Vinca minor.
HALF
sHADE- A
condition in
which a given area is subjected to almost equal
periods of sun
and shadow.
Examples, a woodland margin, woodland openings, or
the half-shaded sides of hedges, high walls or
buildings. There are numerous trees, shrubs, vines and ground covers adaptable to this light situation.
LIGHT
sHADE- The
shade of high branched trees, through which filtered
sunlight reaches the ground beneath. This degree of
shade supports a greater variety of vegetation than
any other.
While
there are many shade-tolerant plants available, the
following are among the most selective for use
locally. Individual problems will, of course,
dictate actual selection.
Deciduous
Trees
Acer ginnala
Amur
maple
Light Shade
Acer rubrum
Red
maple
Light Shade
Acer saccharum
Sugar
maple
Light to Half Shade
Amelanchier laevis
Allegheny
shadblow Half Shade
Carpinus caroliniana virginiana
American hornbeam
or Half to Deep Shade a
blue
beech
natural understory tree
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Katsura
tree
Light Shade
Cercis canadensis
Redbud
Light to Half Shade
Cornus
altemifolia
Pagoda
dogwood Light
Shade
Cornus florida
Flowering
dogwood Light to Half
Shade
Crataegus succulenta
Thicket
hawthorn Light
Shade
(syn.
inacracantha)
Halesia
carolina
Silverbell
Light to Half Shade
Magnolia virginiana (syn. glauca)
sweet bay
magnolia Light
Shade moist soil
Malus
ioensis
Iowa
crab
Light Shade
Ostrya
virginiana
Ironwood, American
hornbeam Half to Deep Shade a
natural understory free
Prunus
serotina
Black
cherry
Half Shade
Coniferous Trees
Larix
decidua
European
larch Light
Shade
Thuja
occidentalis
Eastern
arborvitae Light
Shade moist soil
Tsuga canadensis
Eastern
hemlock Light
to Half Shade wind
protection essential
Shrubs
Aesculus parviflora
- Bottlebrush
Buckeye Light Shade
moist soil
Aronia
melanocarpa data
Glossy black
chokeberry Light Shade
Caragana
arborescens
Siberian pea
shrub Light Shade
tolerates
dry soil
Ceanothus americanus
New Jersey
tea Light
Shade tolerates
dry soil
Chionanthus virginicus
Fringe
tree
Light to Half Shade
Cornus
alba'Sibirica'
Siberian
dogwood Light
Shade moist soil
Cornus
mas
Cornelian
cherry dogwood Light Shade
Cornus
racemosa (syn.
Gray
dogwood
Light Shade
paniculata)
3
Corylus
americana
Hazeinut
Light to Half Shade
Diervilla lonicera
Dwarf bush
honeysuckle Light Shade
tolerates
dry soil
Dirca
palustris
.
Leatherwood
Deep Shade
Euonymus alatus
Winged
euonymus Light to
Half Shade
Luonymus alatus'corn pactus'
Dwarf winged
euonymus Light to Half Shade
Euonymus europaeus
European
euonymus Light Shade
Forsythia ovata 'Robusta'
Early
forsythia
Light Shade
Forsythia suspensa
Weeping
goldenbell Light
Shade
Hamamelis
vernalis
vernal
Witchhazel Light
to Half Shade
Hamamelis virgin iana
Common
Witchhazel Deep
Shade, Half Shade
Hydrangea arborescens
Hills of snow
hydrangea Deep Shade
grandiflora
Hydrangea quercifolia
Oak-leaved
hydrangea Light to Half
Shade
Ilex verticillata
Winterberry
Light Shade moist soil
Kerria japonica
Japanese
kerria Light
Shade
Ligustrum obtusifolium
Regel's border- Privet Light Shade
regelianum
Lonicera fragrantissima
Winter
honeysuckle Half
Shade branches
subject to die-back
during severe winters
Lonicera maackii podocarpa
Late
honeysuckle
Light Shade
Philadelphus coronarius
sweet mock
orange Half Shade
Physocarpus mono gynus
Mountain
ninebark Half Shade
Rhamnus
cat hartica
Common
buckthorn Half Shade
Rhamnus frangula
Glossy
buckthorn Half
Shade
Rhodotypos scandens
Black
jetbead
Deep Shade
Rhus
aromatica
Fragrant
sumac Half
Shade
Ribes alpinum
Alpine
currant
Deep Shade
Viburnum acerifolium
Maple-leaved
Viburnum Deep to Half
Shade prefers
sandy soil of acid reaction
Viburnum x burkwoodii
burkwood
Viburnum Half Shade
Viburnum dentatum
Arrowwood
Viburnum Half Shade
Viburnum lantana
Wayfaringtree
Viburnum Light Shade
Viburnum opulus
'Corn pactum'
Dwarf Europeon
cranberry-bush Light Shade
Viburnum prunifolium
Black haw
Viburnum Half Shade
Viburnum sieboldii
Siebold
Viburnum Light
Shade
Viburnum trilobum
- American
cranberry-bush Half Shade
4
Broad-leaved Evergreens
Useful
as a vine or groundcover.
Buxus
microphylla Koreana and
Korean little-leaved Boxwood Half Shade cultivar 'Wintergreen'
Fuonymus fortunei 'Carrierei'
Glossy
wintercreeper Deep
Shade
Luonymus fortunei 'Coloratus'
Purple-leaved
wintercreeper* Deep Shade
Luonymus fortunei 'Vegetus'
BIg-leaved
wintercreeper Half Shade
Hedera
helix baltica
Baltic
ivy*
Deep Shade
Hedera
helix'Bulgaria'
Bulgarian
ivy* Deep
Shade
Ilex opaca
American
holly Half
Shade
Drooping
leucothoe Deep Shade
acid soil
(syn.
catesbaei)
Mahonia
aquifolium
Oregonholly-grape Half
Shade
Mahonia
rep ens
Creeping
Mahonia Half
Shade
Pachistima canbyi
Cliff-green,
mountain lover Deep Shade
Pieris japonica
Japanese
Andromeda Half Shade
acid soil
Needle-leaved Conifers (Shrubby)
Taxus cuspidata and cultivars
- Japanese Yew Deep
Shade
Taxus x
media and cultivars
Anglojap
yew Deep
Shade
Ground
Covers
E =
Poliage evergreen S = spring effect only
Adiantum pedatum
Maidenhair
Fern
Deep Shade moist soil
Aegopodium podagraria
Silver-edged
bishop's goutweed Deep Shade
'Variegatum'
Ajuga
rep tans
blue carpet
bugle Half Shade
Ajuga
reptans'Bronzeleaf'
Bronze-leaved carpet
bugle Light Shade
Aquilegia canadensis
Wild
columbine
Deep Shade
Asarum
canadense
Wild
ginger
Deep Shade
Asarum
europaeum
European wild
ginger Deep Shade
Asperula odorata
sweet
woodruff Half
Shade
Athyrium filix-fernina
Lady
Fern
Deep Shade
Convallaria majalis
Lily of the valley
Half Shade
Dryopteris carthusiana (syn. D.
Toothed wood
Fern Deep Shade
spinulosa)
Dryopteris marginalis
Leather wood
fern- E Deep Shade
5
Epimedium X versicolor
Yellow
epimedium Half
Shade
'Sulphureum'
Epimedium X youngianum
Snowy
epimedium Half
Shade
'Niveum'
Luonymus fortunei 'Coloratus'
(See Broad-leaved
Evergreens)
Euonymus fortunei
'Kewensis'
Kew
wintercreeper- E Half
Shade
Euonymus fortunei radicans
Common
wintercreeper- E Half Shade
Luonymus obovatus
Running
strawberry bush Deep Shade
Hedera
helix baltica,'Bulgaria',
(See Broad-leaved
Evergreens)
and 'Thorndale Sub- Zer0 feet
Helleborus niger
Christmas
rose Light
Shade
Hepatica acutiloba
Sharplobe
hepatica- E Deep Shade
Hosta
decorata marginata
white-rimmed blunt
plantain lily Half Shade
Hosta 'Fortunei'
Tall-clustered plantain lily
Half Shade
Hosta
lancifolia (syn. H.
Lance-leaved plantain
lily Half Shade
japonica)
Hosta
plantaginea
Fragrant plantain
lily Half Shade
(syn.
I-f. subcordata)
Hosta sieboldiana
Siebold plantain
lily Half Shade
Hosta
ventricosa (syn. H.
Blue plantain
lily Half Shade
caerulea)
Lamium
maculatum and
Spotted Dead Nettle Half Shade
'Album'
white Spotted Dead Nettle
Liriope spicata
Lilyturf- E
Half Shade
Matteuccia struthiopteris (syn.
Ostrich
Fern
Deep Shade
Pteretis pens ylvanica, P.
nodulosa)
Mertensia virginica
Virginia
bluebells - S Deep
Shade moist soil
Osmunda
cinnamomea
Cinnamon
Fern Deep
Shade moist soil
Osmunda
regalis
Royal
Fern
Deep Shade
Pachysandra procumbens
Allegheny
pachysandra Deep Shade
Pachysandra
terminalis
Japanese
Spurge- E Deep Shade
Podophyllum peltatum
May
apple
Light to Half Shade
Polemorium reptans
Jacob's
ladder, Greek valerian Light Shade
Polygonatum biflorum
Small Solomon's
seal Deep Shade
Polygonatum canaliculatum
Great Solomon's
seal Deep Shade
(syn.
commutatum)
Polystichum acrostichoides
Christmas
Fern Deep
Shade
Pteridium aquilinum
Bracken
Fern
Half Shade
Sanguinaria canadensis
Bloodroot- S
Deep Shade
Smilacina racemosa
False
spikenard
Deep Shade
Stylophorum diphyllum
Celandine
poppy Deep
Shade
Thalictrum dioicum
Early meadow
rue Light Shade
Tiarella cordifolia
Foam
flower
Deep Shade
livularia grandiflora
Bellwort
Deep Shade
Vinca
minor
Periwinkle,
myrtle- E Deep Shade
Vinca
minor'Alba'
white
periwinkle- E Deep
Shade
6
Vinca
minor'Atropurpurea'
Purple
periwinkle- E Deep Shade
Vinca
minor'Barts Bigleaf'
Bart's big-leaved
myrtle- E Deep Shade
Vinca
minor'Bowlesii'
Bowles's
periwinkle- E Deep Shade
Vinca
minor'Gertrude Jekyll'
Gertrude Jekyll
periwinkle- E Deep Shade
Viola
papilionacea f.
albiflora
Confederate
violet Half Shade
Viola
striata
Cream
violet Half Shade
Vines
Alcebia quinata
Five-leaved
akebia Half Shade
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata
Turquoise
berry Half Shade
Aristolochia durior
Dutchman's
pipe Half Shade
Celastrus orbiculata
Oriental
bittersweet Half Shade
Celastrus scandens
American
bittersweet Half Shade
Clematis temiflora (syn. C.
sweet autumn
clematis Light Shade
dioscoreifolia robusta, C.
maximowicziana, C. paniculata)
Euonymus fortunei 'Coloratus'
(See Broad-leaved
Evergreens)
Euonymus fortunei 'Vegetus'
(See Broad leaved
Evergreens)
Hedera
helix baltica and
(See Broad-leaved
Evergreens)
'Bulgaria'
Hydrangea anomala
var petiolaris
Climbing
hydrangea Light Shade
Part
henocissus quinquefolia
Virginia
creeper Deep Shade
Parthenocissus tricuspidata
Boston
ivy Half Shade
Vitis
riparia
Riverbank
grape Deep Shade
7
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